tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38611574172341883992024-03-12T16:14:17.460-07:00Civil Sawal JawabCivilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-60491856587789152552009-11-18T23:11:00.000-08:002009-11-18T23:12:10.275-08:00Imperial Istanbul<a href="http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=190520">Imperial Istanbul</a><br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_mackapalas7.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye030.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye03.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye3.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye03.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye4.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr32/Faruk_tesvikiye6.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/kemalsoylemez_tesvikcami.jpg<br /><br />]http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/engin_itu_DSCI0039.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/engin_itu_DSCI0040.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/engin_itu_DSCI0044.jpg<br /><br />http://img97.exs.cx/img97/9789/rumeli0038dt.jpg<br /><br />http://img97.exs.cx/img97/1267/rumeli049gv.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/kemalsoylemez_tesvik2.jpg<br /><br />http://www.wowturkey.com/tr34/engin_itu_DSCI0022.jpgCivilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-67949058158267114772009-11-18T23:09:00.000-08:002009-11-18T23:10:18.445-08:00New Ten Major Construction Projects<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">New Ten Major Construction Projects</h1>* Top universities and research centers<br />o Goal: to have at least 15 major graduate school ranked number 1 in Asia in 5 years; to get at least one college ranked one of the top 100 colleges of the world in 10 years.<br /><br /> * International arts and popular music centers<br /> o Northern Taiwan: Greater Taipei New Theater (大台北新劇院;計畫興建於板橋新站特定區內)<br /> o Central Taiwan: Taichung Metropolitan Opera House (臺中大都會歌劇院;計畫興建於臺中市七期重劃區內)<br /> o Southern Taiwan: Kaohsiung National Arts Cultural Center (高雄國家藝術文化中心;計畫興建於高雄鳳山衛武營)<br /><br /> * M-Taiwan plan<br />o Goal: to build a world-class internet service environment, and become the third trillion-dollar communication industrial development.<br /><br /> * Taiwan exhibition<br /> o Goal: to exhibit Taiwan's creativity and vigor, and prompt the development of technology, tourism, and culture.<br /><br /> * 台鐵捷運化:配合高鐵通車,透過增站、增班、高架化、地下化,將台鐵轉型為都會及區域捷運,讓台鐵轉型再生,並帶動沿線都市更新。<br /><br /> * Freeway constructions<br />o Goal: to develop tourist attraction areas such as Yilan, Hualien, Taitung, and Nantou; to facilitate the everyday life circle; to expand the highway network.<br /><br /> * Kaohsiung Harbor intercontinental container port center<br />o Goal: to construct a new intercontinental container port for 15,000 TEU container ships; improve the transport ability of the Kaohsiung port.<br /><br /> * Northern, central, and southern metro system<br />o Goal: to plan and construct a total of 182 km of metro routes; to improve the rapid transit systems in metropolitan areas of northern, central, and southern Taiwan.<br /><br /> * Sewers<br /> o Goal: to improve the living environment; to purify the water; to regain beautiful rivers and ocean.<br /><br /> * 平地水庫海淡廠:揚棄高山水庫,興建平地水庫解決缺水問題,創造水資源、觀光、生態多元使用的人工湖新地景;興建海淡廠解決竹科及離島地區供水缺口嚴重問題。Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-29742737978571791382009-11-18T23:04:00.000-08:002009-11-18T23:05:49.986-08:00Enron Corporation<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh41pfZYyC_PAmn1dyMyLfI1pe88vompZnDYFwhWY89MU4TNj_zZw8OM3OAtSZ3F-vuC9qnR2cHwBurgH51JT2hiE1jN7ManSkr2NRtbbd6wyh1LjnfrWv-_JMu40dFP0YlodJPt3w9BYk/s1600/439px-Enron_Logo.svg.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 316px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh41pfZYyC_PAmn1dyMyLfI1pe88vompZnDYFwhWY89MU4TNj_zZw8OM3OAtSZ3F-vuC9qnR2cHwBurgH51JT2hiE1jN7ManSkr2NRtbbd6wyh1LjnfrWv-_JMu40dFP0YlodJPt3w9BYk/s320/439px-Enron_Logo.svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405707359356036786" border="0" /></a><br /><p><b>Enron Corporation</b> (former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a> ticker symbol ENE) was an American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> company based in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas" class="mw-redirect">Houston</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Before its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> in late 2001, Enron employed approximately 22,000<sup id="cite_ref-SmartestBook_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron#cite_note-SmartestBook-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, pulp and paper, and communications companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_%28magazine%29" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001 it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">accounting fraud</a>, known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a>". Enron has since become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud and corruption. The scandal also brought into question the accounting practices of many corporations throughout the United States and was a factor in the creation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes-Oxley Act" class="mw-redirect">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a> of 2002.</p> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Enron</h1><p>Enron filed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> protection in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_District_of_New_York" title="Southern District of New York" class="mw-redirect">Southern District of New York</a> in late 2001 and selected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil,_Gotshal_%26_Manges" title="Weil, Gotshal & Manges">Weil, Gotshal & Manges</a> as its bankruptcy counsel. It emerged from bankruptcy in November 2004 after one of the biggest and most complex bankruptcy cases in U.S. history. On September 7, 2006, Enron sold <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisma_Energy_International" title="Prisma Energy International">Prisma Energy International Inc.</a>, its last remaining business, to Ashmore Energy International Ltd. Following the scandal, lawsuits against Enron's directors were notable because the directors settled the suits by paying very significant sums of money personally. The scandal also caused the dissolution of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen" title="Arthur Andersen">Arthur Andersen</a> accounting firm, affecting the wider business world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In early 2007, Enron changed its name to Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation, reflecting its status as a predominantly asset-less shell corporation. Its current goal is to liquidate all remaining assets of the company. For most of 2007, Enron continued to operate under the name Enron Corp. by filing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as" title="Doing business as">Doing Business As</a>, or "dba" certificate in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, Texas</a>.</p>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-2441515035977622652009-11-18T22:59:00.000-08:002009-11-18T23:03:45.257-08:00Great Sphinx of Giza<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Great Sphinx of Giza<!-- start content --> </h1><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 352px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_-_20080716a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_-_20080716a.jpg/350px-Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_-_20080716a.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="350" height="233" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_-_20080716a.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Great Sphinx of Giza, Egypt</div> </div> </div> The <b>Great Sphinx of Giza</b> is a statue of a reclining lion with a human head that stands on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza Plateau</a> on the west bank of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, near modern-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It is the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolith</a> statue in the world, standing 73.5 m (240 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide, and 20 m (66 ft) high. It is the oldest known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, and is commonly believed to have been built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCE" title="3rd millennium BCE" class="mw-redirect">third millennium</a> <small>BCE</small>.<br /><br /><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_and_identity">Origin and identity</span></h2> <p>The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it, such as who was the model for the face, when it was built, and by whom, are still debated. These questions have resulted in the popular idea of the "Riddle of the Sphinx,"<sup id="cite_ref-Coxill_.281998.29_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Coxill_.281998.29-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> although this phrase should not be confused with the original Greek legend of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx#The_Riddle_of_the_Sphinx" title="Sphinx">The Riddle of the Sphinx</a>.</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Names_of_the_Sphinx">Names of the Sphinx</span></h3> <p>It is not known by what name the original creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom, and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. The commonly used name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> was given to it in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>, about 2000 years after the accepted date of its construction, by reference to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx#Greek_traditions" title="Sphinx">Greek mythological beast</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>'s body, a woman's head and the wings of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> (although like most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx#Egyptian_sphinxes" title="Sphinx">Egyptian sphinxes</a>, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word sphinx comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Σφιγξ (<i>sphingx</i>), apparently from the verb σφιγγω (<i>sphingo</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_%28language%29" title="English (language)" class="mw-redirect">English</a>: I strangle), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Le_Sphinx_Armachis,_Caire%27_%28The_Sphinx_Armachis,_Cairo%29.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%27Le_Sphinx_Armachis%2C_Caire%27_%28The_Sphinx_Armachis%2C_Cairo%29.jpg/180px-%27Le_Sphinx_Armachis%2C_Caire%27_%28The_Sphinx_Armachis%2C_Cairo%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="138" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Le_Sphinx_Armachis,_Caire%27_%28The_Sphinx_Armachis,_Cairo%29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Great Sphinx in about 1880, partly under the sand</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg/180px-Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="132" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Great Sphinx partially excavated</div> </div> </div> <p>The name may alternatively be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_%28linguistics%29" title="Corruption (linguistics)">corruption</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a> <i>Shesep-ankh</i>, a name given to royal statues of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2575_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2575 BCE (page does not exist)">2575</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2467_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2467 BCE (page does not exist)">2467</a> <small>BCE</small> and later) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">circa</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1570_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1570 BCE (page does not exist)">1570</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1070_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1070 BCE (page does not exist)">1070</a> <small>BCE</small>) to the Great Sphinx more specifically, although phonetically the two names are far from identical.</p> <p>In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was also called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Hor</a>-em-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhet_%28hieroglyph_and_season%29" title="Akhet (hieroglyph and season)">akhet</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> of the Horizon) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a>: <i>Harmachis</i>), and the Pharaoh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1401_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1401 BCE (page does not exist)">1401</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1391_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1391 BCE (page does not exist)">1391</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1397_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1397 BCE (page does not exist)">1397</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1388_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1388 BCE (page does not exist)">1388</a> <small>BCE</small>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> specifically referred to it as such in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Stele" title="Dream Stele">Dream Stele</a>.</p> <p>Medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab" class="mw-redirect">Arab</a> writers, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrīzī</a>, call the Sphinx <i>balhib</i> and <i>bilhaw</i>, which suggest a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> influence. The modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> name is <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:أبو الهول">أبو الهول</a> (transliteration: <i>Abū al-Hūl</i>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <span lang="en" lang="en"><i>Father of Terror</i></span>).</p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Builder_and_timeframe">Builder and timeframe</span></h3> <p>Despite conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the traditional view held by modern Egyptologists at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 B.C. by the pharaoh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre" class="mw-redirect">Khafre</a>, the supposed builder of the second pyramid at Giza.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_Hassan" title="Selim Hassan">Selim Hassan</a>, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, summed up the problem:</p> <dl><dd> <blockquote> <p>Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world’s most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre, so sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/180px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Sphinx against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khafra</a>’s pyramid</div> </div> </div> <p>The "circumstantial" evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx's location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Second Pyramid</a>, which is traditionally connected with Khafra.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and the Valley Temple, both of which display the same architectural style, with 200-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> stone blocks quarried out of the Sphinx Enclosure.</p> <p>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a> statue of Khafra which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple, is claimed as support for the Khafra theory.</p> <p>The Dream <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela" class="mw-redirect">Stela</a>, erected much later by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1401_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1401 BCE (page does not exist)">1401</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1391_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1391 BCE (page does not exist)">1391</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1397_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1397 BCE (page does not exist)">1397</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1388_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1388 BCE (page does not exist)">1388</a> <small>BCE</small>), associates the Sphinx with Khafra. When the stela was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete, and only referred to <i>Khaf</i>, not Khafra. An extract was translated:</p> <blockquote> <p>...which we bring for him: oxen ... and all the young vegetables; and we shall give praise to <i>Wenofer</i> ... <i>Khaf</i> ... the statue made for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>-Hor-em-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhet_%28hieroglyph_and_season%29" title="Akhet (hieroglyph and season)">Akhet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>The Egyptologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a>, finding the <i>Khaf</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> in a damaged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph <i>ra</i> to complete Khafra's name. However, the stela offers no indication of the relationship between the Sphinx and 'Khafra' – as its builder, restorer, worshipper or otherwise. When the Stela was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to <i>Khaf</i> flaked off and were destroyed.</p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dissenting_hypotheses">Dissenting hypotheses</span></h3> <p>Some Egyptologists and geologists have disagreed with the mainstream theories of construction, and have proposed various alternative theories — about the builder or the dating — to explain the Sphinx's construction.</p> <p>Other theories have stated that the builder of the Sphinx may have been Khafra's predecessor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a>, at some point in his reign of (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2528_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2528 BCE (page does not exist)">2528</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2520_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2520 BCE (page does not exist)">2520</a> <small>BCE</small>). It is thought to have been made in the likeness of his predecessor and father <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Egyptologists">Early Egyptologists</span></h4> <p>Many of the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologist" title="Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect">Egyptologists</a> and excavators of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex" class="mw-redirect">Giza pyramid complex</a> believed the Great Sphinx and other structures in the Sphinx Enclosure predated the traditional date of construction (the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khafra</a> or Khephren, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2520_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2520 BCE (page does not exist)">2520</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2492_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2492 BCE (page does not exist)">2492</a> <small>BCE</small>).</p> <p>In 1857, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" title="Auguste Mariette">Auguste Mariette</a>, founder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">Dynasty XXVI</a>, <i>c</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=678_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="678 BCE (page does not exist)">678</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/525_BCE" title="525 BCE" class="mw-redirect">525</a> <small>BCE</small>), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> this passage is widely dismissed as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Period_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of Ancient Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Late Period</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_.282002.29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Reader_.282002.29-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> Egyptologist and second Director of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886 and concluded:</p> <blockquote> <p>The Sphinx stela shows, in line thirteen, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khephren</a>. I believe that to indicate an excavation carried out by that prince, following which, the almost certain proof that the Sphinx was already buried in sand by the time of Khafre and his predecessors [in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Dynasty IV</a>, <i>c.</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2575_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2575 BCE (page does not exist)">2575</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2467_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2467 BCE (page does not exist)">2467</a> <small>BCE</small>].<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>In 1904, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> Egyptologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a> wrote in <i>The Gods of the Egyptians</i>:</p> <blockquote> <p>This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khafre</a>, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">archaic period</a> [<i>c.</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2686_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2686 BCE (page does not exist)">2686</a> <small>BCE</small>].<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_revisionist_scholars">Modern revisionist scholars</span></h4> <p><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Stadelmann" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Stadelmann">Rainer Stadelmann</a>, former director of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a> in Cairo, examined the distinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">nemes</a></i> (headdress) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#Missing_nose_and_beard" title="Great Sphinx" class="mw-redirect">the now-detached beard</a> of the Sphinx and concluded that the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2589_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2589 BCE (page does not exist)">2589</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2566_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2566 BCE (page does not exist)">2566</a> <small>BCE</small>), builder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> and Khafra's father.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_.282004.29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Fleming_.282004.29-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> He supports this by suggesting that Khafra’s Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_.282002.29_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Reader_.282002.29-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Reader" title="Colin Reader">Colin Reader</a>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> who independently conducted a more recent survey of the Enclosure, points out that the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway. Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu, Reader concludes that the Causeway (and thus the temples on either end thereof) must predate Khufu, thereby casting doubt on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_Egyptian_chronology" title="Conventional Egyptian chronology">conventional Egyptian chronology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_.282002.29_8-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Reader_.282002.29-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%E2%80%99Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" title="Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale" class="mw-redirect">Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale</a> in Cairo announced that he had uncovered new evidence that the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> (2528 BCE|2528–2520 BCE|2520 <small>BCE</small>), Khafra's half brother and a son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>. Dobrev suggests that Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> in order to restore respect for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">their dynasty</a>. Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, that the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_.282004.29_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Fleming_.282004.29-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Frank Domingo, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic scientist</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> and an expert <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">forensic anthropologist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> used detailed measurements of the Sphinx, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_arts" title="Forensic arts">forensic drawings</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer imaging</a> to conclude that Khafra, as depicted on extant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt#Sculpture" title="Art of ancient Egypt">statuary</a>, was not the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_%28art%29" title="Model (art)">model</a> for the Sphinx's face.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_erosion_debate">Water erosion debate</span></h4> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Schwaller_de_Lubicz" title="R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz">R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz</a>, a French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and amateur Egyptologist, first noticed evidence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion#Water_erosion" title="Erosion">water erosion</a> on the walls of the Sphinx Enclosure in the 1950s. Author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Anthony_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Anthony West (page does not exist)">John Anthony West</a> investigated further and in 1989 sought the opinion of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Schoch" title="Robert M. Schoch">Robert M. Schoch</a>, associate professor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> at the College of General Studies, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehner_.281991.29_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Lehner_.281991.29-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>From his investigation of the Enclosure's geology, Schoch concluded that the main type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> evident on the Sphinx Enclosure walls could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall" title="Rainfall" class="mw-redirect">rain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_.281992.29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Schoch_.281992.29-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> According to Schoch, the area has experienced a mean annual rainfall of approximately one inch (2.5 cm) since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (<i>c</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2686_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2686 BCE (page does not exist)">2686</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2134_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2134 BCE (page does not exist)">2134</a> <small>BCE</small>), and since Egypt’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara#Climate_history" title="Sahara">last period of significant rainfall</a> ended between the late fourth and early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCE" title="3rd millennium BCE" class="mw-redirect">third millennia</a> <small>BCE</small>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> he dates the Sphinx's construction to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_millennium_BCE" title="6th millennium BCE" class="mw-redirect">sixth</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_millennium_BCE" title="5th millennium BCE" class="mw-redirect">fifth millennia</a> <small>BCE</small>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_.281999-2000.29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Schoch_.281999-2000.29-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Colin Reader agrees that the evidence of weathering indicates prolonged water erosion. Reader found, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.e.#inter_alia" title="I.e." class="mw-redirect">inter alia</a>, that the flow of rainwater causing the weathering had been stemmed by the construction of 'Khufu's quarries',<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> which lie directly "<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upstream" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:upstream">upstream</a>" of the Sphinx Enclosure, and therefore concludes that the Sphinx must predate the reign of Khufu (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2589_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2589 BCE (page does not exist)">2589</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2566_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2566 BCE (page does not exist)">2566</a> <small>BCE</small>), and certainly Khafra, by several hundred years. Reader however disagrees with Schoch's palaeometerological estimates, and instead concludes that the Sphinx dates to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period</a> (<i>c.</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3150_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3150 BCE (page does not exist)">3150</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2686_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2686 BCE (page does not exist)">2686</a> <small>BCE</small>).<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_.282002.29_8-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Reader_.282002.29-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>David Coxill, a geologist working independently of both Schoch and Reader, concludes from the evidence of weathering in the Enclosure:</p> <blockquote> <p>the Sphinx is at least 5,000 years old and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" title="Predynastic Egypt">pre-dates dynastic times</a> [before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3100_BCE" title="3100 BCE" class="mw-redirect">3100</a> <small>BCE</small>].<sup id="cite_ref-Coxill_.281998.29_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Coxill_.281998.29-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Most Egyptologists, dating the building of the Sphinx to Khafra's reign (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2520_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2520 BCE (page does not exist)">2520</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2492_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2492 BCE (page does not exist)">2492</a> <small>BCE</small>), do not accept the Water Erosion Theory. Alternative explanations for the evidence of weathering, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_processes#Wind_erosion" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian processes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_%28geology%29" title="Exfoliation (geology)" class="mw-redirect">exfoliation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloclasty" title="Haloclasty">haloclasty</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering#Thermal_expansion" title="Weathering">thermal expansion</a>, and even the poor quality <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> of the Sphinx, have been put forward by Egyptologists and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lehner_.281991.29_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Lehner_.281991.29-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> James A. Harrell of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Lal Gauri, John J. Sinai and Jayanta K. Bandyopadhyay,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Alex Bordeau,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> and Lambert Dolphin, a former senior research physicist at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The chief proponents of the Water Erosion Theory and others have rejected these alternative explanations. Reader, for example, points to the tombs dug into the Enclosure walls during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">Dynasty XXVI</a> (<i>c</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600_BCE" title="600 BCE" class="mw-redirect">600</a> <small>BCE</small>), and notes that the entrances of the tombs have weathered so lightly that original chisel marks are still clearly visible. He points out that if the weathering on the Enclosure walls (up to a metre deep in places) had been created by any of the proposed alternative causes of erosion, the tomb entrances would have been weathered much more severely.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_.282000.29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Reader_.282000.29-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Schoch points out that the alternative explanations do not account for the absence of similar weathering patterns on other rock surfaces in the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_.281999-2000.29_18-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-Schoch_.281999-2000.29-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fringe_hypotheses">Fringe hypotheses</span></h3> <p>The Sphinx attracts many theories which are generally not accepted by mainstream Egyptologists or are not supported by scientific evidence.</p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Sphinx_of_Giza&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orion Correlation Theory">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Orion_Correlation_Theory">Orion Correlation Theory</span></h4> <div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Correlation_Theory" title="Orion Correlation Theory">Orion Correlation Theory</a></div> <p>This theory by popular authors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bauval" title="Robert Bauval">Robert Bauval</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Orionis" title="Zeta Orionis">ζ Ori</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Orionis" title="Epsilon Orionis">ε Ori</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Orionis" title="Delta Orionis">δ Ori</a>, the stars forming <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt" title="Orion's Belt">Orion's Belt</a>, in the relative positions occupied by these stars in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">10 500</a> <small>BCE</small>. The authors argue that the geographic relationship of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> directly corresponds with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_%28constellation%29" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_%28constellation%29" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a>, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship; Bauval and Hancock in turn say that archaeologists are engaged in a conspiracy to ignore or suppress evidence contradicting the established scholarly consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Sphinx_of_Giza&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Racial characteristics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Racial_characteristics">Racial characteristics</span></h4> <p>The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia, making conclusive racial identification difficult. However, several authors have commented on its apparent "Negroid" or Ethiopian characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> This issue has become part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a>, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Restoration">Restoration</span></h2> <p>After the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, the Sphinx became buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to <i>c</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BCE" title="1400 BCE" class="mw-redirect">1400</a> <small>BCE</small>, when the young <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> (1401 BCE|1401-1391 BCE|1391 or 1397 BCE|1397-1388 BCE|1388 <small>BCE</small>) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he placed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> slab, known as the Dream <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stela</a>, inscribed with the following (an extract):</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_in_1925.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Sphinx_in_1925.jpg/180px-Sphinx_in_1925.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="139" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_in_1925.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Great Sphinx undergoing restoration, 26 December 1925</div> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>...the royal son, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thothmos</a>, being arrived, while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god, was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> is at the summit [of heaven]. He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth, as a father speaks to his son, saying: Look upon me, contemplate me, O my son Thothmos; I am thy father, Harmakhis-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khopri</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Tum</a>; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain, the supremacy over the living ... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs. The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me. Save me, causing all that is in my heart to be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Later, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II the Great</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1279_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1279 BCE (page does not exist)">1279</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1213_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1213 BCE (page does not exist)">1213</a> <small>BCE</small>) may have undertaken a second excavation.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologist" title="Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect">Egyptologist</a>, originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (<i>c</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2686_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2686 BCE (page does not exist)">2686</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2184_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2184 BCE (page does not exist)">2184</a> <small>BCE</small>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> although he has subsequently recanted this "heretical" viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1817 <small>CE</small>, the first modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> dig, supervised by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians" class="mw-redirect">Italian</a> Captain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviglia" title="Caviglia">Giovanni Battista Caviglia</a>, uncovered the Sphinx’s chest completely. The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925.</p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx#cite_note-0"><span></span></a>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-38141241577350018282009-11-18T22:56:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:59:37.900-08:00English Channel<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Ambrish/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" />English Channel</h1>The <b>English Channel</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span lang="fr" lang="fr"><i>La Manche</i></span>, "the sleeve") is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%28geography%29" title="Arm (geography)">arm</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> that separates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> from northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and joins the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the Atlantic. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest, to only 34 km (21 mi) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-Columbia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, covering an area of some 75,000 km<sup>2</sup> (29,000 sq mi).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-eb-1"><span></span></a><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Ambrish/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" /><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Channel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/English_Channel.jpg/280px-English_Channel.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="280" height="251" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Channel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Map of the English Channel</div> </div> </div> <p><span id="Bay_of_the_Seine"></span> The length of the Channel is most often defined as the line between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End" title="Land's End">Land's End</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> at the (arbitrarily defined) western end, and the Strait of Dover at the eastern end. The strait is also the Channel's narrowest point, while its widest point lies between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Bay" title="Lyme Bay">Lyme Bay</a> and the Gulf of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Malo" title="Saint Malo" class="mw-redirect">Saint Malo</a> near the midpoint of the waterway.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-Columbia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (150 ft) between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. From there eastwards the adjoining North Sea continues to shallow to about 26 m (85 ft) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Fourteens" title="Broad Fourteens">Broad Fourteens</a> where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurds_Deep" title="Hurds Deep" class="mw-redirect">Hurds Deep</a>, 30 mi (48 km) west-northwest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <span id="Bay_of_the_Seine2"></span> The eastern region along the French coast between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect">Cherbourg</a> and the mouth of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_river" title="Seine river" class="mw-redirect">Seine river</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> is frequently referred to as the <i>Bay of the Seine (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: </i><span lang="fr" lang="fr">Baie de Seine</span><i>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Several major islands are situated in the Channel, the most notable being the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> off the English coast and the British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependencies" title="Crown dependencies" class="mw-redirect">crown dependencies</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> off the coast of France. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> off the far southwest coast of England are not generally counted as being in the Channel. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> in France juts out into the Channel, and the Isle of Wight creates a small parallel channel known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent" title="Solent">Solent</a>.</p> <p>The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a> caused by the breaching of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" title="Weald-Artois Anticline" class="mw-redirect">Weald-Artois Anticline</a>, a ridge which held back a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lake</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been caused by an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> or simply the build-up of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pressure" title="Water pressure" class="mw-redirect">water pressure</a> in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_Nature_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-Gupta_Nature-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhysToday_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel#cite_note-PhysToday-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> forms its western border.</p> <p>For the UK <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Forecast" title="Shipping Forecast">Shipping Forecast</a> the English Channel is divided into the areas of (from the West):</p>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-67103488435241275682009-11-18T22:54:00.002-08:002009-11-18T22:56:17.048-08:00Tehri Dam<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tehri_dam_india.jpg" class="image" title="Tehri Dam"><img alt="Tehri Dam" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tehri_dam_india.jpg/270px-Tehri_dam_india.jpg" width="270" height="203" /></a>Tehri Dam</h1><b>Tehri </b><b>Dam</b> is the primary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehri" title="Tehri">Tehri</a> Development Project, a major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> project centered near Tehri Town in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaranchal" title="Uttaranchal" class="mw-redirect">Uttaranchal</a> state in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Located on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi River</a>, the principal tributary of the sacred <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_River" title="Ganges River" class="mw-redirect">River Ganges</a>, the Tehri Dam has a height of 855 feet (261 m), making it the 5th tallest dam in the world.<br /><br /><table class="infobox bordered vcard" style="padding: 5px; width: 22em; font-size: 90%;" cellpadding="5"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: rgb(0, 123, 167); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Tehri Dam</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><br />Tehri Dam</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th>Impounds</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi River</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Locale</th> <td><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaranchal" title="Uttaranchal" class="mw-redirect">Uttaranchal</a>, India</span></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th>Height</th> <td>260 metres (853 ft)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th>Construction began</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Construction cost</th> <td>1 Billion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollars" title="U.S. dollars" class="mw-redirect">U.S. dollars</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Power generation information</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Installed capacity</th> <td>2400 MW</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Geographical Data</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img class="noprint" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" alt="" title="show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" /><a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tehri_Dam&params=30_22_40_N_78_28_50_E_region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°22′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°28′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.37778°N 78.48056°E</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">30.37778; 78.48056</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img class="noprint" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" alt="" title="show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" /><a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tehri_Dam&params=30_22_40_N_78_28_50_E_region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°22′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°28′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.37778°N 78.48056°E</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">30.37778; 78.48056</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Maintained by</th> <td>Tehri Hydro Development Corporation</td></tr></tbody></table>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-56274208428594642002009-11-18T22:54:00.001-08:002009-11-18T22:54:38.441-08:00Narmada Dam Project<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Narmada Dam Project</h1><br /><p>The <b>Narmada Dam Project</b> is a project involving the construction of a series of large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The project was first conceived of in the 1940s by the country's first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. The project only took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and produce hydroelectricity.</p> <p>Of the thirty large dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is the largest multipurpose project involved in the construction. With a proposed height of 136.5 m, it's also high on discord between the planners and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan" title="Narmada Bachao Andolan">Narmada Bachao Andolan</a>. The multi-purpose project will irrigate more than 18,000 square kilometres, most of it in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> prone areas like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch" title="Kutch" class="mw-redirect">Kutch</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_%28region%29" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>. Critics maintain that its negative environmental impact outweights its benefits.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Suggested_benefits_of_the_Sardar_Sarovar_dam">Suggested benefits of the Sardar Sarovar dam</span></h2> <p>The expected benefits of the dam as listed in the Judgement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> are:</p> <ul><li>Irrigation: 17,920 km² of land spread over 12 districts, 62 talukas and 3393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and 730 km² in the arid areas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmer" title="Barmer">Barmer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalore" title="Jalore">Jalore</a> districts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.</li></ul><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Height_issues">Height issues</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006,_India.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006%2C_India.jpg/280px-Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006%2C_India.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="280" height="210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006,_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The dam undergoing height-raise in 2006.</div> </div> </div> <ul><li>In February 1999, the Supreme Court of India gave the go ahead for the dam's height to be raised to 88 metres from the initial 80.</li></ul> <ul><li>In October 2000 again, in a 2 to 1 majority judgement in the Supreme Court, the government was allowed to construct the dam up to 90 metres.</li></ul> <ul><li>In May 2002, the Narmada Control Authority approved increasing the height of the dam by another five metres.</li></ul> <ul><li>In March 2004, the Authority allowed another raise, this time to 110 metres.</li></ul> <ul><li>In March 2006, the Narmada Control Authority gave clearance for the height of the dam to increased from 110.64 metres to 121.92. This came after the Supreme Court of India had refused to stay the height of the dam again in 2003.</li></ul><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan" title="Narmada Bachao Andolan">Narmada Bachao Andolan</a></div> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Protest">Protest</span></h3> <p>The Narmada dam is India's most controversial dam project and its environmental impact and net costs and benefits are widely debated. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> was a initially a funder of the SSP, but withdrew in 1990. The Narmada Dam has been the centre of controversy and protest since the late 1980s. One such protest takes center stage in Spanner Films's documentary <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_Out" title="Drowned Out">Drowned Out</a></i> (2002), which follows one tribal family who decide to stay at home and drown rather than make way for the Narmada Dam. An earlier documentary film is called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Narmada_Diary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Narmada Diary (page does not exist)">A Narmada Diary</a></i> (1995) by Anand Patwardhan and Simantini Dhuru. The efforts of NBA to seek social and environmental justice for those most directly affected by the Sardar Sarover Dam construction feature prominently in this award winning film (Best Documentary 1996 Filmfare).<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The figurehead of much of the protest is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medha_Patkar" title="Medha Patkar">Medha Patkar</a>, a leader of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan" title="Narmada Bachao Andolan">Narmada Bachao Andolan</a>," the "Save Narmada Movement." The movement was cemented in 1989, and was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Dam_Project#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Support for the protests also came from Indian author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a>, who wrote the extended essay "The Greater Common Good" in protest of the Narmada Dam Project;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Dam_Project#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> the essay was reprinted in her book <i>The Cost of Living</i>. In that essay, Roy states:</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>Big Dams are to a Nation's 'Development' what Nuclear Bombs are to its Military Arsenal. They're both weapons of mass destruction. They're both weapons Governments use to control their own people. Both Twentieth Century emblems that mark a point in time when human intelligence has outstripped its own instinct for survival. They're both malignant indications of civilisation turning upon itself. They represent the severing of the link, not just the link - the understanding - between human beings and the planet they live on. They scramble the intelligence that connects eggs to hens, milk to cows, food to forests, water to rivers, air to life and the earth to human existence.</div> </blockquote> <h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_Supreme_Court_decision">The Supreme Court decision</span></h3> <p>Despite popular protest, the Supreme Court gave clearance for the height to be increased to 121.92 m (400 ft), but in the same judgment Mr. Justice Bharucha gave directions to Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (the Grievance Redressal Authorities of Gujarat) that before further construction begins, they should certify (after inspection) that all those displaced by the raise in height of 5 metres have already been satisfactorily rehabilitated, and also that suitable vacant land for rehabilitating them is already in the possession of the respective States. This process shall be repeated for every successive 5-metre increase in height.</p>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-25706100686955720292009-11-18T22:45:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:47:59.042-08:00List of reservoirs and dams in India<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0H722jl3LcmKnqmlzKDnZcWs6m18va9HO1yYS7KUEw8D6_BGUizwVNrCwIk0hXH7rcWJqta3Kz6fz_cUpG21yFOuE7AlVzaBBrx9cM9zKQa2VNk39v2HMs5l_3K8IwHf-OEu_eIs2OE0/s1600/530px-India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 283px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0H722jl3LcmKnqmlzKDnZcWs6m18va9HO1yYS7KUEw8D6_BGUizwVNrCwIk0hXH7rcWJqta3Kz6fz_cUpG21yFOuE7AlVzaBBrx9cM9zKQa2VNk39v2HMs5l_3K8IwHf-OEu_eIs2OE0/s320/530px-India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405702741764316562" border="0" /></a><br /><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">List of reservoirs and dams in India</h1><br /><div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Andhra_Pradesh"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Andhra Pradesh</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Gujarat"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Gujarat</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Himachal_Pradesh.2B_Punjab"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Himachal Pradesh+ Punjab</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Jammu_and_Kashmir"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Jammu and Kashmir</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Jharkhand"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Jharkhand</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Karnataka"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Karnataka</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Kerala"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Kerala</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Madhya_Pradesh"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Madhya Pradesh</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Manipur"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Manipur</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Maharashtra"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Maharashtra</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Meghalaya"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Meghalaya</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Orissa"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Orissa</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Sikkim"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sikkim</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Tamil_Nadu"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Tamil Nadu</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Uttar_Pradesh"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Uttar Pradesh</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Uttarakhand"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Uttarakhand</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#West_Bengal"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">West Bengal</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Dam_projects"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Dam projects</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India#Rajasthan"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Rajasthan</span></a></li></ul> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Andhra Pradesh">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Andhra_Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam" title="Nagarjuna Sagar Dam">Nagarjuna Sagar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailam_Dam" title="Srisailam Dam">Srisailam Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakasham_barrage" title="Prakasham barrage">Prakasham barrage</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_Sagar" title="Nizam Sagar">Nizam Sagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joorala_project" title="Joorala project" class="mw-redirect">Joorala project</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajolibanda_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajolibanda Dam (page does not exist)">Rajolibanda Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiol_sagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiol sagar (page does not exist)">kiol sagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Ganga" title="Telugu Ganga">Telugu Ganga</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polavaram_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polavaram dam (page does not exist)">Polavaram dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nijam_Sagar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nijam Sagar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Nijam Sagar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koil_Sagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koil Sagar (page does not exist)">Koil Sagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Sagar" title="Osman Sagar">Osman Sagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriram_Sagar_Reservoir" title="Sriram Sagar Reservoir">Sriram Sagar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Maneru_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Maneru Reservoir (page does not exist)">Lower Maneru Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himayath_Sagar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himayath Sagar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Himayath Sagar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dindi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dindi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Dindi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somasila" title="Somasila">Somasila</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandipalem" title="Gandipalem">Gandipalem</a> Reservoir</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowleswaram_Barrage" title="Dowleswaram Barrage">Dowleswaram Barrage</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakasam_Barrage" title="Prakasam Barrage" class="mw-redirect">Prakasam Barrage</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatipudi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatipudi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Tatipudi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inchampalli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inchampalli (page does not exist)">Inchampalli</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulichintala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulichintala (page does not exist)">Pulichintala</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellammpalli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellammpalli (page does not exist)">Ellammpalli</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singur_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singur Dam (page does not exist)">Singur Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dummagudem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dummagudem (page does not exist)">Dummagudem</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunkesula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunkesula (page does not exist)">Sunkesula</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Musi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pothireddy_padu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pothireddy padu (page does not exist)">pothireddy padunear</a> kund</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramagundam_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramagundam Dam (page does not exist)">Ramagundam Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pranahita_Chevella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pranahita Chevella (page does not exist)">Pranahita Chevella</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeri_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeri Dam (page does not exist)">Jeri Dam</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gujarat">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gujarat">Gujarat</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Project" title="Sardar Sarovar Project" class="mw-redirect">Sardar Sarovar Project</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> river</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukai_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukai Dam (page does not exist)">Ukai Dam</a> near Surat</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharoi_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharoi Dam (page does not exist)">Dharoi Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_River" title="Sabarmati River">Sabarmati River</a> near Dharoi</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasana_Berej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasana Berej (page does not exist)">Vasana Berej</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_River" title="Sabarmati River">Sabarmati River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li></ul> <p>Kadana, Shetrunji, Bhadar, Damanganga Dantiwana, Panam.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Himachal Pradesh+ Punjab">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Himachal_Pradesh.2B_Punjab">Himachal Pradesh+ Punjab</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baira_siul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baira siul (page does not exist)">Baira siul</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba" title="Chamba">Chamba</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakra_Dam" title="Bhakra Dam">Bhakra Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangal" title="Nangal">Nangal</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjeet_Sagar_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranjeet Sagar dam (page does not exist)">Ranjeet Sagar dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhar_Pathankot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhar Pathankot (page does not exist)">Dhar Pathankot</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sagar" title="Maharana Pratap Sagar">Maharana Pratap Sagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong_Dam_Reservoir" title="Pong Dam Reservoir" class="mw-redirect">Pong Dam Reservoir</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwara" title="Talwara">Talwara</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoh_Lake" title="Pandoh Lake">Pandoh Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_%28India%29" title="Mandi (India)" class="mw-redirect">Mandi</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Dam" title="Chamera Dam">Chamera Dam</a>-I on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba" title="Chamba">Chamba</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Dam" title="Chamera Dam">Chamera Dam</a>-II on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba" title="Chamba">Chamba</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathpa_Dam" title="Nathpa Dam" class="mw-redirect">Nathpa Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej_River" title="Sutlej River" class="mw-redirect">Sutlej River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur_%28Himachal_Pradesh%29" title="Rampur (Himachal Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect">Rampur</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jammu and Kashmir">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jammu_and_Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salal_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Salal Hydroelectric Project">Salal Hydroelectric Project</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dul_Hasti_Hydroelectric_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Project (page does not exist)">Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Project</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uri-I_Hydroelectric_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uri-I Hydroelectric Project (page does not exist)">Uri-I Hydroelectric Project</a></li></ul> <p>kotla dam near ropar</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jharkhand">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithon_Dam" title="Maithon Dam">Maithon Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandil_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandil Dam (page does not exist)">Chandil Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swarnarekha_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swarnarekha River (page does not exist)">Swarnarekha River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandil" title="Chandil">Chandil</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palna_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palna Dam (page does not exist)">Palna Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swarnarekha_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swarnarekha River (page does not exist)">Swarnarekha River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandil" title="Chandil">Chandil</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konar_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konar dam (page does not exist)">konar dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchet" title="Panchet">panchet</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Karnataka">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Karnataka">Karnataka</span></h2> <ul><li>Hidkal Jalashaya (Dam) across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghataprabha" title="Ghataprabha" class="mw-redirect">Ghataprabha</a></li><li>Dhupdal Reservoir across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghataprabha" title="Ghataprabha" class="mw-redirect">Ghataprabha</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Sagara" title="Krishna Raja Sagara">Krishna Raja Sagara Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamatti_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alamatti Dam (page does not exist)">Alamatti Dam</a> across Krishna</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basava_Sagara_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basava Sagara Dam (page does not exist)">Basava Sagara Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_dam" title="Linganamakki dam">Linganamakki dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supa_Dam" title="Supa Dam">Supa Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodasalli_Dam" title="Kodasalli Dam">Kodasalli Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadra_Dam" title="Kadra Dam">Kadra Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunga_Bhadra_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunga Bhadra Dam (page does not exist)">Tunga Bhadra Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabini_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabini Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kabini Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harangi_Reservoir" title="Harangi Reservoir">Harangi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narayanpur_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narayanpur Dam (page does not exist)">Narayanpur Dam</a> downstream of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamatti_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alamatti Dam (page does not exist)">Alamatti Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garura_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garura Dam (page does not exist)">Garura Dam</a> Krishna River</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemavathi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemavathi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Hemavathi Reservoir</a> (Gorur Dam)</li><li>Naviltheertha Dam across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaprabha" title="Malaprabha" class="mw-redirect">Malaprabha</a></li><li>Nethravathi river</li><li>Linganmakki Dam across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharavathi_River" title="Sharavathi River">Sharavathi River</a></li><li>Gajanuru Dam across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunga_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunga river (page does not exist)">Tunga river</a></li><li>Lakkavali Dam across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadra_river" title="Bhadra river" class="mw-redirect">Bhadra river</a></li><li>Manchinabeli Dam</li><li>TG Halli Reservoir</li><li>Kanva Reservoir</li><li>Vani Vilasa Sagara</li><li>Kempu Hole Dam</li><li>B.R.P Dam</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kerala">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Kerala">Kerala</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banasura_Sagar_Dam" title="Banasura Sagar Dam">Banasura Sagar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalakkudy_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalakkudy Dam (page does not exist)">Chalakkudy Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peechi_Dam" title="Peechi Dam" class="mw-redirect">Peechi Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vazhani_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazhani dam (page does not exist)">Vazhani dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalam_dam" title="Mangalam dam">Mangalam dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattupetty_Dam" title="Mattupetty Dam">Mattupetty Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundala_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundala dam (page does not exist)">Kundala dam</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothundi_Dam" title="Pothundi Dam">Pothundi Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayar_Dam" title="Walayar Dam">Walayar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki_arch_dam" title="Idukki arch dam" class="mw-redirect">Idukki arch dam</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki" title="Idukki" class="mw-redirect">idukki</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullaperiyar_Dam" title="Mullaperiyar Dam">Mullaperiyar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malankara_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malankara Dam (page does not exist)">Malankara Dam</a></li><li>Neyyar Dam</li><li>Siruvani Dam</li><li>Meenkara Dam</li><li>Kanjhirapuzha</li><li>Chulliyar Dam</li><li>Jeevana dam</li><li>Asurankundu Dam</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Madhya Pradesh">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Madhya_Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansagar" title="Bansagar">Bansagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargi_Dam" title="Bargi Dam">Bargi Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barna_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barna Dam (page does not exist)">Barna Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Sagar_dam" title="Gandhi Sagar dam">Gandhi Sagar dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirasagar" title="Indirasagar">Indirasagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikheda_Dam" title="Madikheda Dam">Madikheda Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Dam_Project" title="Narmada Dam Project">Narmada Dam Project</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajghat" title="Rajghat">Rajghat</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa_Reservoir" title="Tawa Reservoir">Tawa Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halali_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halali dam (page does not exist)">halali dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolar_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolar dam (page does not exist)">kolar dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerwa_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerwa dam (page does not exist)">kerwa dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omkareshwar_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omkareshwar Dam (page does not exist)">Omkareshwar Dam</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manipur">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Manipur">Manipur</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loktak" title="Loktak" class="mw-redirect">Loktak</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maharashtra">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MULA_Dam,_Rahuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MULA Dam, Rahuri (page does not exist)">MULA Dam, Rahuri</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_MULA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River MULA (page does not exist)">River MULA</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KANEHAR_DAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KANEHAR DAM (page does not exist)">KANEHAR DAM</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VENNA_RIVER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VENNA RIVER (page does not exist)">VENNA RIVER</a> - [SATARA]</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Dam" title="Koyna Dam">Koyna Dam</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Koyna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Koyna (page does not exist)">River Koyna</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayakwadi_dam" title="Jayakwadi dam">Jayakwadi dam</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Godavari" title="River Godavari" class="mw-redirect">River Godavari</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ujani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ujani (page does not exist)">Ujani</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Bhima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Bhima (page does not exist)">River Bhima</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulshi_Dam" title="Mulshi Dam">Mulshi Dam</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mula" title="River Mula" class="mw-redirect">River Mula</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadakwasla" title="Khadakwasla">Khadakwasla</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Mutha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Mutha (page does not exist)">River Mutha</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkewadi_Dam" title="Kolkewadi Dam">Kolkewadi Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panshet" title="Panshet">Panshet</a> - River Mutha</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanagari" title="Radhanagari">Radhanagari</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatsa" title="Bhatsa" class="mw-redirect">Bhatsa</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansa" title="Tansa">Tansa</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Vaitarna_Project" title="Middle Vaitarna Project" class="mw-redirect">Vaitarna</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawna (page does not exist)">Pawna</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Pawna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Pawna (page does not exist)">River Pawna</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandardara" title="Bhandardara">Bhandardara</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangapur_Dam,_Nashik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangapur Dam, Nashik (page does not exist)">Gangapur Dam, Nashik</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozarkhed_Dam,_Nashik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozarkhed Dam, Nashik (page does not exist)">Ozarkhed Dam, Nashik</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karanjwan_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karanjwan Dam (page does not exist)">Karanjwan Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandur_Madhmeshwar_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nandur Madhmeshwar Dam (page does not exist)">Nandur Madhmeshwar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeldari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeldari (page does not exist)">Yeldari</a> on Purna River Near Parbhani</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a> on Purna River Near Parbhani</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manar (page does not exist)">Manar</a> On River Manar Near Nanded</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girna (page does not exist)">Girna</a> On River Girna</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaskaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaskaman (page does not exist)">Chaskaman</a> On River <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> Near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgurunagar" title="Rajgurunagar">Rajgurunagar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravara" title="Pravara">Pravara</a> On River <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari" title="Godavari" class="mw-redirect">Godavari</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isapur_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isapur Dam (page does not exist)">Isapur Dam</a> On River <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painganga_River" title="Painganga River">Painganga River</a></li></ul> <p>Bhadardara On River Pravara</p> <ul><li>yedgaon on river kukadi</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meghalaya">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiam_Lake" title="Umiam Lake">Umiam Lake</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orissa">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Orissa">Orissa</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balimela_Reservoir" title="Balimela Reservoir">Balimela Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balimela_Reservoir" title="Balimela Reservoir">Balimela Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaput" title="Jalaput">Jalaput</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machkund_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machkund River (page does not exist)">Machkund River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypore" title="Jaypore" class="mw-redirect">Jaypore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraput_District" title="Koraput District" class="mw-redirect">Koraput District</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indravati_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indravati Dam (page does not exist)">Indravati Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Indravati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Indravati (page does not exist)">river Indravati</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahandi_district" title="Kalahandi district">kalahandi district</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salia_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salia dam (page does not exist)">Salia dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Kharkhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Kharkhari (page does not exist)">river Kharkhari</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjam_District" title="Ganjam District" class="mw-redirect">Ganjam District</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sikkim">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sikkim">Sikkim</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta" title="Teesta">Teesta</a>-V</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangit (page does not exist)">Rangit</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tamil Nadu">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tamil_Nadu">Tamil Nadu</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyar_Reservoir" title="Aliyar Reservoir">Aliyar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaravathi_Reservoir" title="Amaravathi Reservoir">Amaravathi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaravathi_Dam" title="Amaravathi Dam">Amaravathi Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaikuttam_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaikuttam Reservoir (page does not exist)">Anaikuttam Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anainaduvu_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anainaduvu Reservoir (page does not exist)">Anainaduvu Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavanisagar_Reservoir" title="Bhavanisagar Reservoir" class="mw-redirect">Bhavanisagar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chittar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Chittar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittar_Reservoir-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chittar Reservoir-1 (page does not exist)">Chittar Reservoir-1</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittar_Reservoir-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chittar Reservoir-2 (page does not exist)">Chittar Reservoir-2</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatana_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gatana Reservoir (page does not exist)">Gatana Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golwarpatti_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golwarpatti Reservoir (page does not exist)">Golwarpatti Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gomukhinadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomukhinadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Gomukhinadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gundar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gundar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Gundar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunderippalam_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunderippalam Reservoir (page does not exist)">Gunderippalam Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kariakoil_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariakoil Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kariakoil Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karupppanadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karupppanadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Karupppanadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelavarapalli_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelavarapalli Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kelavarapalli Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesarigulihalla_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesarigulihalla Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kesarigulihalla Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodaganar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodaganar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kodaganar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodiveri_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodiveri Dam (page does not exist)">Kodiveri Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovilar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovilar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kovilar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnagiri_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishnagiri Reservoir (page does not exist)">Krishnagiri Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kullursandai_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kullursandai Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kullursandai Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kutharaiyar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutharaiyar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Kutharaiyar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Nirar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Nirar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Lower Nirar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manimukthanadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manimukthanadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Manimukthanadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manimuthar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manimuthar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Manimuthar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manjalar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manjalar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Manjalar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marudhanadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marudhanadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Marudhanadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettur_Dam" title="Mettur Dam">Mettur Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagavathi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagavathi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Nagavathi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyyal_Oarathuppalayam" title="Noyyal Oarathuppalayam">Noyyal Oarathuppalayam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palar_Porandalar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palar Porandalar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Palar Porandalar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pambar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Pambar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parappalar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parappalar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Parappalar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechiparai_Reservoir" title="Pechiparai Reservoir">Pechiparai Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_Reservoir_%28Pilavukkal_Project%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periyar Reservoir (Pilavukkal Project) (page does not exist)">Periyar Reservoir (Pilavukkal Project)</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periyar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Periyar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perumpallam_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perumpallam Reservoir (page does not exist)">Perumpallam Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunchani_Reservoir" title="Perunchani Reservoir" class="mw-redirect">Perunchani Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvaripallam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvaripallam (page does not exist)">Peruvaripallam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponnaniar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponnaniar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Ponnaniar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramanadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramanadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Ramanadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathanur_Reservoir" title="Sathanur Reservoir">Sathanur Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholayar_Reservoir" title="Sholayar Reservoir" class="mw-redirect">Sholayar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddhamalli_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhamalli Reservoir (page does not exist)">Siddhamalli Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soolagiri_chinnar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soolagiri chinnar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Soolagiri chinnar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Reservoir" title="Stanley Reservoir">Stanley Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thambalahalli_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thambalahalli Reservoir (page does not exist)">Thambalahalli Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirumurthi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirumurthi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Thirumurthi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoppaiyar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoppaiyar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Thoppaiyar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunakadavu_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunakadavu Reservoir (page does not exist)">Thunakadavu Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uppar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uppar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Uppar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Nirar_Wier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Nirar Wier (page does not exist)">Upper Nirar Wier</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaigai_Dam" title="Vaigai Dam">Vaigai Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaigai_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaigai Reservoir (page does not exist)">Vaigai Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaniyar_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaniyar Reservoir (page does not exist)">Vaniyar Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varadamanadhi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varadamanadhi Reservoir (page does not exist)">Varadamanadhi Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varattupallam_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varattupallam Reservoir (page does not exist)">Varattupallam Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vattamalaikarai_Odai_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vattamalaikarai Odai Reservoir (page does not exist)">Vattamalaikarai Odai Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vembakottai_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vembakottai Reservoir (page does not exist)">Vembakottai Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidur_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidur Reservoir (page does not exist)">Vidur Reservoir</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willingdon_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willingdon Reservoir (page does not exist)">Willingdon Reservoir</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uttar Pradesh">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Uttar_Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihand_Dam" title="Rihand Dam">Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihand_River" title="Rihand River">Rihand River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonbhadra" title="Sonbhadra" class="mw-redirect">Sonbhadra</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalagarh_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalagarh Dam (page does not exist)">Kalagarh Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramganga_River" title="Ramganga River" class="mw-redirect">Ramganga River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalagarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalagarh (page does not exist)">Kalagarh</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parichha_Dam" title="Parichha Dam">Parichha Dam</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parichha" title="Parichha">Parichha</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi_District" title="Jhansi District" class="mw-redirect">Jhansi District</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li>List of Dams in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a> <ul><li>(A) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matatila_Dam" title="Matatila Dam">Matatila Dam</a> constructed during 1952-1964 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 6.30 km, Height 33.53 Meters, Area 20,720 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 1132.68 M.c.m</li><li>(B) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamni_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamni Dam (page does not exist)">Jamni Dam</a> constructed during 1962-1973 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamni_River" title="Jamni River">Jamni River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 6.40 km, Height 19.18 Meters, Area 414 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 92.89 M.c.m</li><li>(C) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohini_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohini Dam (page does not exist)">Rohini Dam</a> constructed during 1976-1984 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_River" title="Rohini River" class="mw-redirect">Rohini River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 1.65km, Height 15.50 Meters, Area 44 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 12.12 M.c.m</li><li>(D) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahzad_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahzad Dam (page does not exist)">Shahzad Dam</a> constructed during 1973-1992 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahzad_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahzad River (page does not exist)">Shahzad River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 4.16 km, Height 18.00 Meters, Area 514 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 130.00 M.c.m</li><li>(E) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govind_Sagar_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Govind Sagar Dam (page does not exist)">Govind Sagar Dam</a> constructed during 1947-1953 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahzad_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahzad River (page does not exist)">Shahzad River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 3.60 km, Height 18.29 Meters, Area 368 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 96.8 M.c.m</li><li>(F) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajnam_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajnam Dam (page does not exist)">Sajnam Dam</a> constructed during 1977-1990 on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajnam_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajnam River (page does not exist)">Sajnam River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh" class="mw-redirect">Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh</a>, Length 5.15 km, Height 18.78 Meters, Area 290 km<sup>2</sup>, Storage 83.50 M.c.m</li><li>(G) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukma-Dukma_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukma-Dukma Dam (page does not exist)">Sukma-Dukma Dam</a> a below water construction on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa River</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi_District" title="Jhansi District" class="mw-redirect">Jhansi District</a>, Uttar Pradesh, Length 2.15 km, Height 20.78 Meters</li></ul> </li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uttarakhand">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehri_dam" title="Tehri dam" class="mw-redirect">Tehri dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhauliganga_dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhauliganga dam (page does not exist)">Dhauliganga dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnuprayag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnuprayag (page does not exist)">Vishnuprayag</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakhwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakhwar (page does not exist)">Lakhwar</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakpur" title="Tanakpur">Tanakpur</a> Dam</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: West Bengal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="West_Bengal">West Bengal</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchet_Dam" title="Panchet Dam" class="mw-redirect">Panchet Dam</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dam projects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dam_projects">Dam projects</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Dam_Project" title="Narmada Dam Project">Narmada Dam Project</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banasura_Sagar_Dam" title="Banasura Sagar Dam">Banasura Sagar Dam</a> - Banasurasagar Project</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyyal_River" title="Noyyal River">Noyyal River</a> - Tanks System</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farakka_Barrage" title="Farakka Barrage">Farakka Barrage</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rajasthan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawai_Dam" title="Jawai Dam">Jawai Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawahar_Sagar_Dam" title="Jawahar Sagar Dam">Jawahar Sagar Dam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Barrage" title="Kota Barrage">Kota Barrage</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Pratap_Sagar_dam" title="Rana Pratap Sagar dam">Rana Pratap Sagar dam</a></li></ul>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-17981519481928016352009-11-18T22:40:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:43:02.569-08:00List of tallest buildings in the world<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">List of tallest buildings in the world</h1><br /><p>These are <b>lists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a></b>, ranked by</p> <ul><li>structural height (vertical elevation from the base to the highest architectural or integral structural element of the building);</li><li>highest point on the building.</li></ul> <p>These lists only include buildings that:</p> <ul><li>are completed or topped-out, and</li><li>have continuous occupiable floors (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise" title="High-rise">high-rise</a> buildings).</li></ul> <p>For lists that include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbuilding_structure" title="Nonbuilding structure" class="mw-redirect">non-building structures</a>, see</p> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">List of tallest buildings and structures in the world</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world" title="List of tallest freestanding structures in the world">List of tallest freestanding structures in the world</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_world" title="List of tallest structures in the world">List of tallest structures in the world</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers_in_the_world" title="List of tallest towers in the world">List of tallest towers in the world</a></li></ul><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tallest_skyscrapers_by_architectural_detail_.28top_200.29">Tallest skyscrapers by architectural detail (top 100)</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg/150px-Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai" title="Burj Dubai">Burj Dubai</a>, currently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out" title="Topping out">topped-out</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, is set to become the world's tallest building.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg/150px-101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="287" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a>, the world's tallest completed building (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>), broke the half-kilometer mark when it opened in 2004.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC_Jul08.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SWFC_Jul08.jpg/150px-SWFC_Jul08.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="384" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC_Jul08.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center" title="Shanghai World Financial Center">Shanghai World Financial Center</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, is the third-tallest building in the world.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Commerce_Centre_200908.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/International_Commerce_Centre_200908.jpg/150px-International_Commerce_Centre_200908.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="301" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Commerce_Centre_200908.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The fourth-tallest building in the world is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre" title="International Commerce Centre">International Commerce Centre</a>, topped-out in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KLCC_PetronasTowers.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/KLCC_PetronasTowers.JPG/150px-KLCC_PetronasTowers.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KLCC_PetronasTowers.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers" title="Petronas Twin Towers">Petronas Twin Towers</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KM_6167_sears_tower_august_2007_D.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KM_6167_sears_tower_august_2007_D.jpg/150px-KM_6167_sears_tower_august_2007_D.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KM_6167_sears_tower_august_2007_D.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a> has been the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">tallest building in the United States</a> since 1973.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaghai_Jin_Mao.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shaghai_Jin_Mao.JPG/150px-Shaghai_Jin_Mao.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaghai_Jin_Mao.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower" title="Jin Mao Tower">Jin Mao Tower</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> is the tenth-tallest building in the world.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_state_bulding.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Empire_state_bulding.JPG/150px-Empire_state_bulding.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="231" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_state_bulding.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> was the tallest building in the world from 1931 to 1972.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q1_Tower.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Q1_Tower.jpg/150px-Q1_Tower.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q1_Tower.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1_%28building%29" title="Q1 (building)">Q1</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings_in_the_world" title="List of tallest residential buildings in the world">world's tallest residential building</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Al_Arab_on_18_October_2007_Pict_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Burj_Al_Arab_on_18_October_2007_Pict_1.jpg/150px-Burj_Al_Arab_on_18_October_2007_Pict_1.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="208" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Al_Arab_on_18_October_2007_Pict_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab" title="Burj Al Arab">Burj Al Arab</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels_in_the_world" title="List of tallest hotels in the world">second-tallest hotel in the world</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usbnktwr.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Usbnktwr.jpg/150px-Usbnktwr.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usbnktwr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Tower_%28Los_Angeles%29" title="U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)">US Bank Tower</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> is the tallest building in the United States west of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingdom_Tower.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Kingdom_Tower.JPG/150px-Kingdom_Tower.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingdom_Tower.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Center" title="Kingdom Center" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom Center</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> is the tallest building in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02.JPG/150px-Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="202" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Landmark_Tower" title="Yokohama Landmark Tower">Yokohama Landmark Tower</a> is the tallest building in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>.</div> </div> </div> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" style="border: 3px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="sortable" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <th>Rank <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Building<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>City <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Country <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th colspan="2">Height <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Floors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Built <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> </tr> <tr style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <td>1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai" title="Burj Dubai">Burj Dubai</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="11" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>818 m</td> <td>2,684 ft</td> <td>162</td> <td>2009<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note02.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#endnote_note02.5E">[B]</a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a> (Republic of China)</td> <td>509 m</td> <td>1,671 ft</td> <td>101</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <td>3</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center" title="Shanghai World Financial Center">Shanghai World Financial Center</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>492 m</td> <td>1,614 ft</td> <td>101</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre" title="International Commerce Centre">International Commerce Centre</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td>483 m</td> <td>1,584 ft</td> <td>118</td> <td>2009<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note02.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#endnote_note02.5E">[B]</a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <td>5=</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers" title="Petronas Twin Towers">Petronas Tower 1</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="11" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>452 m</td> <td>1,483 ft</td> <td>88</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5=</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers" title="Petronas Twin Towers">Petronas Tower 2</a></td> <td>Kuala Lumpur</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="11" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>452 m</td> <td>1,483 ft</td> <td>88</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Greenland_Financial_Center" title="Nanjing Greenland Financial Center">Nanjing Greenland Financial Center</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>450 m</td> <td>1,476 ft</td> <td>89</td> <td>2009<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note03.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#endnote_note03.5E">[C]</a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="12" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>442 m</td> <td>1,451 ft</td> <td>108</td> <td>1973</td> </tr> <tr style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_International_Finance_Center" title="Guangzhou International Finance Center">Guangzhou West Tower</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>440 m</td> <td>1,444 ft</td> <td>103</td> <td>2009<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note02.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#endnote_note02.5E">[B]</a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower" title="Jin Mao Tower">Jin Mao Tower</a></td> <td>Shanghai</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>421 m</td> <td>1,380 ft</td> <td>88</td> <td>1998</td></tr></tbody></table>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-37824475870679414772009-11-18T22:37:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:39:18.943-08:00List of development projects in Dubai<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">List of development projects in Dubai</h1><!-- start content --> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> government's decision to diversify from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, and to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> the main hub of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourists" title="Tourists" class="mw-redirect">tourists</a> in the world, has made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> and other developments more valuable, resulting in the property boom from 2004-2007.It is a part of Dubai Strategic plan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> unveiled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> to maintain the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic" title="Economic" class="mw-redirect">economic</a> growth and to bring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> on the map of the world as an iconic city, and a tourist destination of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Construction on large scale has turned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> into one of the fastest growing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities" title="Cities" class="mw-redirect">cities</a> in the world. There are a number of large-scale <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projects" title="Projects" class="mw-redirect">projects</a> which are currently under construction or will be constructed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>. Due to the heavy construction which is taking place in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, 30,000 construction <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>, which is 25% of cranes worldwide, are operating in Dubai<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>. Currently multi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">dollar</a> construction projects are taking shapes in Dubai, however due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932009" title="Global financial crisis of 2008–2009" class="mw-redirect">Global financial crisis of 2008–2009</a>, few projects have been put on hold, which includes Palm Islands, few projects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubailand" title="Dubailand">Dubailand</a>, Arabian canal, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Exhibition_City" title="Dubai Exhibition City">Dubai Exhibition City</a>, but the construction will be resumed coming years.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_development_projects">List of development projects</span></h2> <table id="sortable_table_id_0" class="wikitable sortable" style="border: 3px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);"> <tbody><tr> <th>Project <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Developer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Expected completion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Costs <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Area <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> <th>Description <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#" class="sortheader" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" alt="↓" /></span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubailand" title="Dubailand">Dubailand</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Holding" title="Dubai Holding">Dubai Holding</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a></td> <td>AED235 billion</td> <td>278 km² or 107 mile².<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Sports_City" title="Dubai Sports City">Dubai Sports City</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>$ 4 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>4,600,000 m2</td> <td>The only dedicated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports" title="Sports" class="mw-redirect">sports</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in world</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Kingdom" title="Sahara Kingdom">Sahara Kingdom</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>460,000 m2</td> <td>It will feature the Lost Cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Arabia</a> theme park, as well as the Hanging <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hotel" title="Garden hotel" class="mw-redirect">Garden hotel</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Golf_City" title="Dubai Golf City">Dubai Golf City</a></td> <td>Thani Investments (BENAA)<sup id="cite_ref-dubaitourism.ae_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-dubaitourism.ae-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></td> <td>$ 1.8 billion</td> <td>55 million sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Motor_City" title="Dubai Motor City">Dubai Motor City</a></td> <td>Union Properties<sup id="cite_ref-dubaitourism.ae_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-dubaitourism.ae-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>3.5 km²</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Arabia" title="City of Arabia">City of Arabia</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>1,860,000 m2</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Lifestyle_City" title="Dubai Lifestyle City">Dubai Lifestyle City</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td>July <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>4.15 million Sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Outlet_City" title="Dubai Outlet City">Dubai Outlet City</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td>9.8 million Sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Bay" title="Business Bay">Business Bay</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Properties" title="Dubai Properties">Dubai Properties</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>$30 billion</td> <td>46.9 million sq ft<sup id="cite_ref-dubai-properties.ae_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-dubai-properties.ae-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>When completed it will consist of 240 high rises, and expected population of 191,000<sup id="cite_ref-dubai-properties.ae_4-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-dubai-properties.ae-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Marina" title="Dubai Marina">Dubai Marina</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar" title="Emaar" class="mw-redirect">Emaar</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>1.56 km2</td> <td>Claim to be worlds largest man made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">Marina</a>, with 200 high rises upon completion.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers" title="Jumeirah Lake Towers">Jumeirah Lake Towers</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel" title="Nakheel" class="mw-redirect">Nakheel</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>1.8 km²</td> <td>Will encompass 79 high rises.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Festival_City" title="Dubai Festival City">Dubai Festival City</a></td> <td>Abdulla Al Futtaim Group<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a></td> <td>$ 3 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>3.8 km</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Promenade" title="Dubai Promenade">Dubai Promenade</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel" title="Nakheel" class="mw-redirect">Nakheel</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>1,060,000 m2</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Maritime_City" title="Dubai Maritime City">Dubai Maritime City</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>+ 3 billion Dhs</td> <td>227 hectares</td> <td>It will be the worlds first purpose-built maritime centre</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah" title="Palm Jumeirah">Palm Jumeirah</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel" title="Nakheel" class="mw-redirect">Nakheel</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>$12.3 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>It is the worlds largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a>-made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Islands" title="Palm Islands">Palm Jabel Ali</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td>Will accommodate over 1.7 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million" title="Million">million</a> people by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Progress_Update_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-Progress_Update-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Islands" title="Palm Islands">Palm Deira</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>12.5 km (7.76 mile) by 7.5 km (4.66 mile).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Will be the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree" title="Palm tree" class="mw-redirect">palm</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Islands" title="The World Islands" class="mw-redirect">The World Islands</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel" title="Nakheel" class="mw-redirect">Nakheel</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>$14 billion</td> <td>9 km in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> and 6 km in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Width" title="Width" class="mw-redirect">width</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Waterfront" title="Dubai Waterfront">Dubai Waterfront</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel" title="Nakheel" class="mw-redirect">Nakheel</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>1.4 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> square feet of water and land developments</td> <td>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront" title="Waterfront">Waterfront</a> is expected to become the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront" title="Waterfront">waterfront</a> and largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a>-made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">development</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Burj_Dubai" title="Downtown Burj Dubai">Downtown Burj Dubai</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar" title="Emaar" class="mw-redirect">Emaar</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>$20 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>22 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million" title="Million">million</a> ft²</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai" title="Burj Dubai">Burj Dubai</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar" title="Emaar" class="mw-redirect">Emaar</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></td> <td>$ 4 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>334,000 m2</td> <td>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai" title="Burj Dubai">Burj Dubai</a> is already the tallest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a>-made structure on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai Metro</a></td> <td>Roads and Transport Authority</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>$ 4.2 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>75 km in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a></td> <td>Will become the worlds largest fully <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated" title="Automated" class="mw-redirect">automated</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_system" title="Railway system" class="mw-redirect">railway system</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rashid_bin_Saeed_Crossing" title="Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing">Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing</a></td> <td>???</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AED" title="AED">AED</a> 2.5 billion</td> <td>1.6 km in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a></td> <td>Once completed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a>,[4] it will become the world's longest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridge</a> at a length of 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi)><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Central" title="Dubai World Central">Dubai World Central</a></td> <td>??</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025" title="2025">2025</a></td> <td>$82 billion</td> <td>140 Sq km<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maktoum_International_Airport" title="Al Maktoum International Airport">Al Maktoum International Airport</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td>Fully operational in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025" title="2025">2025</a></td> <td>$80 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.56 km2</td> <td>Upon completion it will be the fourth largest air facility in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area" title="Area">area</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Canal" title="Arabian Canal">Arabian Canal</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Limitless</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>$61 billion<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>75 km<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>will be the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Largest (page does not exist)">largest</a> man-made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lagoons" title="The Lagoons">The Lagoons</a></td> <td> ???</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$" title="$" class="mw-redirect">$</a>25 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></td> <td>70 million sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_City" title="Dubai International City">Dubai International City</a></td> <td>Nakheel<sup id="cite_ref-dubaitourism.ae_3-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-dubaitourism.ae-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F%3F%3F" title="???" class="mw-redirect">???</a></td> <td>$23 million</td> <td>8 million sq meters</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Garden_City" title="Jumeirah Garden City">Jumeirah Garden City</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Meraas</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AED" title="AED">AED</a>350 billion <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>9,000,000 Sq meters</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Village_%28Dubai%29" title="Global Village (Dubai)">Global Village</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>17.2 million sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Village" title="Culture Village">Culture Village</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Properties" title="Dubai Properties">Dubai Properties</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April" title="April">April</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>40 million sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Village" title="Jumeirah Village">Jumeirah Village</a></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AED" title="AED">AED</a> 2.4 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million" title="Million">million</a></td> <td>811 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares" title="Hectares" class="mw-redirect">hectares</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Industrial_City" title="Dubai Industrial City">Dubai Industrial City</a></td> <td>???</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>560 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million" title="Million">million</a> Sq ft</td> <td>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> is expected to accommodate around 500,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Exhibition_City" title="Dubai Exhibition City">Dubai Exhibition City</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>???</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AED" title="AED">AED</a> 8 billion</td> <td>3 million Sq ft</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Exhibition_City" title="Dubai Exhibition City">Dubai Exhibition City</a> upon completion will home to worlds longest single column-free <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_hall" title="Exhibition hall" class="mw-redirect">exhibition hall</a> in the world.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Ali_village" title="Jebel Ali village">Jebel Ali village</a></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>560 million Sq ft</td> <td>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> is expected to accommodate around 500,000 people.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Jebel_Ali" title="Downtown Jebel Ali">Downtown Jebel Ali</a></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>200 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares" title="Hectares" class="mw-redirect">hectares</a></td> <td>once completed it will be home to 235,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>[, 70,000 of whom will be residents.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropolis" title="Hydropolis">Hydropolis</a></td> <td>DDIA</td> <td><br /></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3" title="£" class="mw-redirect">£</a>300 million</td> <td>260 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares" title="Hectares" class="mw-redirect">hectares</a></td> <td>Upon completion it will be the first underwater hotel in the world.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawadi" title="Bawadi">Bawadi</a></td> <td>Dubai Holding</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F%3F%3F" title="???" class="mw-redirect">???</a></td> <td>AED 100 billion</td> <td>??</td> <td>One of the projects of this investment is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Asia_Hotel" title="Asia-Asia Hotel">Asia-Asia Hotel</a> which will be the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> with more than 6,500 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms" title="Rooms" class="mw-redirect">rooms</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Pearl" title="Dubai Pearl">Dubai Pearl</a></td> <td id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1">Abu Dhabi's Al Fahim</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></td> <td>$3 billion</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Media_Production_Zone" title="International Media Production Zone">International Media Production Zone</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td>43 million sq ft</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28Dubai%29" title="The Universe (Dubai)">The Universe</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[B]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td>3000 hectares</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel_Tower" title="Nakheel Tower">Nakheel Tower</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[A]</a></sup></span></td> <td>Nakheel</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a></td> <td>???</td> <td>>6,700,000 sq ft.</td> <td>Upon completion it will be over 1400 m <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall" title="Tall" class="mw-redirect">tall</a> , and worlds tallest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Investment_Park" title="Dubai Investment Park">Dubai Investment Park</a></td> <td>??</td> <td>???</td> <td>???</td> <td><br /></td> <td>Upon completion it will have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industrial</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential" title="Residential" class="mw-redirect">residential</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational" title="Recreational" class="mw-redirect">recreational</a> settlements<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_City_Tower" title="Dubai City Tower">Dubai City Tower</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#endnote_note01.5E">[B]</a></sup></span></td> <td>???</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a></td> <td>AED ???</td> <td>???</td> <td>The visionary tower is going to be 1.55 miles (2.4 km) high.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt><dd><b>A.</b> <cite id="endnote_note01.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#ref_note01.5E"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></cite> Construction is currently on-hold due to lack of finances.</dd><dd><b>B.</b> <cite id="endnote_note02.5E"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai#ref_note02.5E"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></cite> Project is currently in planning stages.</dd></dl><p><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;"><br /></sup></p>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-1299880920888795692009-11-18T22:29:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:34:11.876-08:00Burj Dubai - Open for Public from 4th January 2010.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3DKJQ0Toj1mW0e_wTKm0dleEL4LuqHWHLoOPSBUdnxpGkedqxilpzS6p6EJuXuwYoJtfDx-l74Po6OWZr6gd4oTZ7311V1awYb3Ty2z08Feg1LuS13oMfkF96oi4OT3bLSFgf0TQlQxg/s1600/300px-Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 160px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3DKJQ0Toj1mW0e_wTKm0dleEL4LuqHWHLoOPSBUdnxpGkedqxilpzS6p6EJuXuwYoJtfDx-l74Po6OWZr6gd4oTZ7311V1awYb3Ty2z08Feg1LuS13oMfkF96oi4OT3bLSFgf0TQlQxg/s320/300px-Burj_Dubai_20090916.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405699250270321714" border="0" /></a><br /><p><b> </b> <span style="font-weight: bold;"> Burj Dubai </span>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar"><b>برج دبي</b></span> "Dubai Tower"), a supertall <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> under construction in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">tallest man-made structure</a> ever built, at 818 m (2,684 ft). Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the tower is expected to be completed and ready for occupancy on 4 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Emporis_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-Emporis-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opening_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-opening-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The building is part of the 2 km<sup>2</sup> (0.8 sq mi) flagship development called "Downtown Burj Dubai" at the "First Interchange" along <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Road" title="Sheikh Zayed Road" class="mw-redirect">Sheikh Zayed Road</a>, near Dubai's main business district. The tower's architect is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_%28architect%29" title="Adrian Smith (architect)">Adrian Smith</a>, who worked with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_and_Merrill" title="Skidmore, Owings and Merrill">Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM)</a> until 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Record_High_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-Record_High-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The Chicago-based architecture and engineering firm SOM is in charge of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Record_High_5-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-Record_High-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The primary builders are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Engineering_%26_Construction" title="Samsung Engineering & Construction" class="mw-redirect">Samsung Engineering & Construction</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besix" title="Besix">Besix</a> along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec" title="Arabtec">Arabtec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SkyscraperPage_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-SkyscraperPage-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Construction_Company" title="Turner Construction Company" class="mw-redirect">Turner Construction Company</a> was chosen as the construction manager.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The total budget for the Burj Dubai project is about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>4.1 billion, and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the CEO of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties" title="Emaar Properties">Emaar Properties</a>, speaking at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a> 8th World Congress, said that the price of office space at Burj Dubai had reached US$4,000 per <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">sq ft</a> (over US$43,000 per <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m<sup>2</sup></a>) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Dubai, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_dubai#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3861157417234188399.post-4600288918708372012009-11-18T22:01:00.000-08:002009-11-18T22:18:40.249-08:00J. C. Bamford<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufwmdNA1nWPF9SC6G5A9WTaVbDdcx2JebgFAJfVuX1gcf8O3AwIl5sjXkDYwbSlbUQDjM-F4nAs5EbD9IONpUgpgzuCzd77Qi9ZmyUVYJZpbkK-OIjPC3Bc-S_GLcrNbnehctDZG0khI/s1600/Jcb_logo.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 192px; height: 141px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufwmdNA1nWPF9SC6G5A9WTaVbDdcx2JebgFAJfVuX1gcf8O3AwIl5sjXkDYwbSlbUQDjM-F4nAs5EbD9IONpUgpgzuCzd77Qi9ZmyUVYJZpbkK-OIjPC3Bc-S_GLcrNbnehctDZG0khI/s320/Jcb_logo.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405695253279087282" border="0" /></a><br /><b>JCB</b>, or <b>J.C.Bamford Excavators Limited.</b> as it is more properly known, (the name was changed from J.C. Bamford (Excavators) Limited in 1967) is a family business named after its founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Bamford_%28person%29" title="J. C. Bamford (person)" class="mw-redirect">J. C. Bamford</a>, producing distinctive yellow-and-black engineering vehicles, diggers ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">Backhoes</a>"), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavators" title="Excavators" class="mw-redirect">excavators</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. In the UK, the word "<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/JCB" class="extiw" title="wikt:JCB">JCB</a>" is sometimes used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial" title="Colloquial" class="mw-redirect">colloquially</a> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark" title="Genericized trademark">genericised description</a> for any such type of engineering vehicle, now appearing in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, although it is still held as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>. JCB now makes over 300 types of machines for construction, industry, agriculture and military engineering. In 2007 the company's turnover was £2.25 billion.Civilsawaljawabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10094477554923350426noreply@blogger.com0